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Book Review of R.J. Palacios Wonder

Wonder, R.J. Palacios debut novel, was written for children 8 to 12 years old, but its message defies genres. Published in 2012, its anti-bullying, pro-acceptance message will resonate with teenagers and even adults as well. Style Some books are action-packed, compelling the reader to turn the page to find out what happens next. Other books are compelling because they invite readers to engage with characters who are real, who come alive off the page, and who pull the reader into their story. Wonder is the latter kind of book. In fact, very little action happens within its pages, and yet readers will find themselves deeply affected by the story. Summary August Pullman (Auggie to his friends) is not an ordinary 10-year-old boy. He feels like one  and has the interests of one, but his face is not ordinary at all. In fact, its the type of face that scares kids and makes people stare. Auggie is pretty good natured about it all. This is the way he is, after all, and while he doesn’t like that people stare, there’s not much he can do about it. Because his face has required many reconstructive surgeries, Auggie has been homeschooled. But there are no more surgeries to be done for a while, and now August’s parents think it’s time that he goes to mainstream school, beginning with fifth grade in the fall. The idea of this terrifies Auggie; he knows how people react to seeing him, and he wonders if he will be able to fit in at school at all. He bravely gives it a go, but finds that it’s much like he expected. Many of the children laugh at him behind his back, and someone has started a game called the Plague, in which people â€Å"catch† a â€Å"disease† if they touch Auggie. One boy, Julian, leads the bullying attacks. He’s the sort of kid whom adults find charming, but in reality, he is quite mean to anyone not in his circle of friends. Auggie does make two close friends: Summer, a girl who actually likes Auggie for who he is, and Jack. Jack started out as Auggie’s â€Å"assigned† friend, and when Auggie finds this out, he and Jack have a falling out. However, they patch things up at Christmas, after Jack gets suspended for hitting Julian for badmouthing Auggie. This leads to a â€Å"war, with the popular boys against Auggie and Jack. While nothing more than mean words, in the form of notes in the lockers, fly between the two camps, the tension between them lasts until the spring. Then theres a confrontation between a group of older boys from a different school and Auggie and Jack at a sleep-away camp. They are hopelessly outnumbered until a group of boys who were formerly against Auggie and Jack help defend them from the bullies. In the end, Auggie has a successful year at school, and even makes the Honor Roll. In addition, the school gives him an award for courage, which he doesnt understand, musing, â€Å"If they want to give me a medal for being me, I’ll take it.† (p. 306) He sees himself as ordinary, and in the face of everything else, he really is just that: an ordinary kid. Review It‘s the straightforward, non-sentimental manner in which Palacio approaches her topic that makes this such an excellent book. Auggie might have an extraordinary face, but hes a regular kid, and that makes him relatable, in spite of his challenges. Palacio also shifts her point of view, telling the story through the eyes of characters other than Auggie. This allows the reader to get to know characters like Auggies sister, Via, who talks about the way her brother takes over the family’s life. However, some of the other viewpoints—especially of Via’s friends—feel somewhat unnecessary and bog down the middle of the book. The power of the book likes in how Palacio creates such a normal, relatable character from a boy living with such an extraordinary physical affliction. Even though Wonder is recommended for children ages 8 through 12, the books themes of identity, bullying, and acceptance make it interesting reading for a wide audience as well. About R.J. Palacio An art director by profession, R. J. Palacio first thought of the idea for Wonder when she and her children were on vacation. While there, they saw a young girl who had a condition similar to Auggie’s. Her children reacted badly, which got Palacio thinking about the girl and what she goes through on a daily basis. Palacio also thought about how she could have better taught her children to respond to situations like this. The book inspired Random House to start an anti-bullying campaign, called Choose Kind, with a site where people can share their experiences and sign a pledge to stamp out bullying. There you can also download an excellent Educator Guide for Wonder to use at home, or with a community grouop. Companion Book Auggie Me: Three Wonder Stories, also by R. J. Palacio, is a 320-page collection of three stories, each told from the point of view of one of three characters from Wonder: the bully Julian, Auggie’s oldest friend, Christopher, and his new friend, Charlotte. The stories take place prior to Auggie’s attending school and during his first year there. This book is neither a prequel nor a sequel to Wonder—in fact, Palacio has made it clear that she does not plan to ever write either. Instead, this book is meant as a companion for those who have already read Wonder and want to extend the experience by learning more about Auggies impact on the people around him.

Impact of Ict on Society - 2585 Words

SISAT School of Information Systems Technology Faculty of Informatics ISIT900 Fundamentals of Contemporary Technologies Impact of ICT on Society Table of Contents PART A 1 1. Introduction 1 2. The annotations 1 2.1 Scholarly journal articles 1 2.2 Conference papers 1 2.3 Newspaper articles 1 2.4 Internet sources 1 3. Conclusion 2 Annotated Bibliographies 3 PART B (Endnote) 6 4. Introduction 6 5. The Endnote advantages 6 6. The Endnote disadvantages 7 7. The Recommendations 8 8. Conclusion 9 9. References 10 PART A Introduction With era of globalization, information technology has taken new horizons and reached a position where it is a part of our daily routine. Information and†¦show more content†¦These topics are the tutorial agenda in the conference which has been followed by a number of open themes on the topic in order to clarify the topic from a strategic perspective. In addition to the open themes and the delivered tutorial, a number of papers indicating experiences of e-government in Argentina, Iran, Ethiopia, and Nigeria have been presented during the workshop. The major key findings and experiences of these countries have been also highlighted in this paper which is basically a report on e-government in the countries in question. FLORIDI, L. (2007) A look into the future impact of ICT on our lives. The Information Society, 23, 59-64. This journal article is written for professional, journalist, IT student and all people who are interested in ICT or anyone who is interested in social society. The article mainly speaks about the impact that ICT is going to have on our lives. The author presented a seminar on a topic where he came across a few questions which led to the writing of the present paper. The makes predictions about future impacts of ICT in the said conference. The author emphasized two ICT scenarios infosphere and reontologization. Infosphere mainly deals with the complete informational environment which is comprised of various informational entities, their properties, processes, interactions and mutual relations. Reontologization on the otherShow MoreRelatedIct And Its Impact On The Society1478 Words   |  6 PagesInnovation in ICT and its impact on the society has been astounding. It is considered to be â€Å"crucial for economic activity† (Jorgenson and Vu, 2007) as it not only â€Å"increas es productivity and boost economic growth,† (Jorgenson et al, 2008) but â€Å"generates complementary innovations that improve economies total factor productivity.† (Ceccobelli et al, 2012) 3D printing is where a â€Å"three-dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material that adhere to one another, creatingRead MoreIct And Its Impact On America s High Tech Societies1408 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology or ICT. Any business that has to deal with consumers knows how vital the communication process is. Many consumers have dealt with a company that has poor telephone customer support and know how frustrating that can become. ICT can help by opening up other communication paths for the consumer, directly linking them to the business. One of the first things a company should understand about ICT is the strategic relevance and how important it can be for success in today’s high tech societies. ICTRead MoreThe Importance of Information and Communications Technology Essay631 Words   |  3 Pagestechnology (ICT) is generally regarded as the overlap of computer information and telecommunications technologies, and their applications. In this document the term ICT is used to indicate the whole range of technologies involved in information processing and electronic communications, including the internet, electronic mail and videoconferencing. In recent years ICT has had, and is continuing to have, an increasingly significant impact on all aspects of society. There are Read MoreKiryl Slizheuski. Student Number Here. Class Section Here.1675 Words   |  7 PagesKiryl Slizheuski STUDENT NUMBER HERE CLASS SECTION HERE ICT Controversy Paper: Do ICTs Improve Work Productivity? Introduction Technology is at the core of modern society. Accordingly, information and communication technologies (ICTs) now have a significant presence in the workplace. Yet, this integration has left many wondering whether ICTs actually improve work productivity. Corporations, governments, as well as non-government organizations have been pursuing this pressing question (Boeri 107)Read MoreIct Entrepreneurship For Social Impact Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pageshis money, he focuses his time, energy, and resources on making a better world. In 2016, World Telecommunication and Information Society Day (WTISD-2016) will focus on the theme: â€Å"ICT entrepreneurship for social impact†, in accordance with Resolution 68 and as endorsed by ITU Council 2015.The theme for WTISD-16 is in line with ITU’s work in unlocking the potential of ICTs for young innovators and entrepreneurs, innovative SMEs, start-ups and technology hubs as drivers of innovative and practical solutionsRead MoreTech v s Men1223 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological regimes that has as a result an impact on society. It is a fact that technology has contributed tremendously to the development of society until this days. From the creation of devices, to detect several illness and other medical conditions, to products that will simplify our life at work and home. Two important questions to ask ourselves are: how are we being shaped by technology in society? And, how we are influencing technology? When analyzing the impacts on both sides we find many factorsRead MoreIn modern times Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life.800 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern times Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become ever-present in life. Sometimes it feels as though it is encroaching on daily routine but the advantages it offers in both personal and working life are prodigious. This essay will examine the impact ICT currently has, on private life and at work. The issues arising from the developments of these technologies will also be given consideration. Furthermore l egislation relevant to ICT will be examined to ensure there is adequate protectionRead MoreImpact of Ict on Banking and Finance1574 Words   |  7 PagesIMPACT OF ICT IN BANKING AND FINANCE As in a pendulum movement, the reflections about the impact of ICTs in the Economy have swung from enthusiasm to realism and back to optimism, being each of these states really subjective and implying a wide range of shades within. After a first period of cyberoptimism, people that â€Å"wanted to see† and people that thought â€Å"waiting to see† was a bad strategy because â€Å"it will then be too late†, followed a timespan where scientists — mainly economists — stuck to strictRead MoreIct : Information And Communication Technologies1350 Words   |  6 PagesICT stands for Information and Communication technologies; it is a notation used to summaries technologies, which consist of devices to collect, store, edit and transfer information in various forms. I am writing this report to inform the importance of ICT in different sectors; such as education, health and banking. In addition to this, I would like to inform about the development of technology over the years. I am going to carry out this research through the use of online sources and textbooks.Read MoreImpact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent past centuries, before the inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheet

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure

Question: Discuss about the Report for Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure. Answer: 1. Blood pressure is defined as the force or pressure exerted by blood against the arterial walls as it flows through them (Waugh, 2015). It maintains the essential in-flow and out flow of the blood from the heart to body organs through the blood vessels. The blood pressure should always be kept in normal limits. If blood pressure is raised, it may rupture the blood vessels and if blood pressure is lowered, there will be insufficient tissue and organ perfusion. Both are highly fatal conditions. Usually when the blood flows through the arteries, a pressure is exerted. Systolic blood pressure is the maximum degree of pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel wall during the ventricular systole when the left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta (Waugh, 2015, Sembulingam, 2001). It is also called arterial blood pressure. In adults it ranges from 110- 140 mmHg or 16kPa. Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum degree of pressure that is present during cardiac diastole and the heart is in complete resting state following the ejection of blood and just before the left ventricular contraction. In adults it ranges from 60- 80mmHg or 11kPa (Waugh, 2015, Sembulingam, 2001). Pulse pressure is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures (Tortora, 2010). The normal pulse pressure is 40 mmHg (Sembulingam, 2001). A sphygmomanometer is used to check blood pressure. Blood pressure is always written as the diastolic blood pressure below the systolic blood pressure. BP=120/80 mmHg or 16/11kPa ((Waugh, 2015, Lewis, 2004). Generally, the arteries transport blood from the heart and perfuse the tissues and internal organs. The arteries have three layers as outer, middle and inner layer. A pressure wave is generated in the elastic tissues of middle layer (tunica media) when the heart contracts causing stretching of the wall (Tortora, 2010, VanPutte, 2012). Arterioles pose resistance to blood flow called resistance vessels to determine the systemic blood pressure. When the left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped into the aorta and so the aorta expands and recoils to push blood for tissue perfusion. Expansion and recoiling is noted through the entire arterial system. The diastolic pressure is maintained by the elastic recoil of the arteries. Mean arterial pressure is defined as the average pressure present in the arteries (Marieb, (2012). This is measured by adding one third of pulse pressure and the diastolic pressure. As the diastolic time is longer than the systolic time, it helps to determine the diastolic pressure. The normal value of mean arterial pressure is 93 mm Hg (Smelter, 2002). 2. Table 1 Frequency and the Class Average Percentage Changes of blood pressure during exercise Category Pulse pressure (mm Hg) Pulse pressure Frequency N Class average percentage P Optimal (no pressure change) 3 7 Mild (1- 20) 23 52 Moderate (21- 40) 11 25 Severe (above 40) 4 9 Decreased (below 0) 3 7 Table 1 show that exercise affects the pulse pressure apparantly. It is noted that the majority (52 %) of the people had mild changes in pulse pressure. Most of the people (25 %) showed moderate increase and 9% showed severely increased pulse pressure. 7 % remained optimal with no pressure change. In contrast, 7% showed a decrease in pulse pressure. Therefore it is evident that the difference in blood pressure during exercise is apparent. 3. Regulation and control of blood pressure while resting Blood pressure often changes due to the regulatory mechanisms in the body. There are four regulatory systems as short term (nervous) regulatory system, long term (renal) regulatory system, hormonal and local regulation. 1. Short term regulation- It is a rapid mechanism. It causes vasoconstriction or vasodilatation to regulate the blood pressure. The cardiovascular centre located in the pons and medulla oblongata controls the blood pressure. The baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and higher centers in the brain send impulses to the cardiovascular centre that integrates and coordinates the impulses (Tate, 2012). This centre sends sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (autonomic nerves) to the heart and smooth muscles in the middle layer. It causes vasodilatation or vasoconstriction causing an increase or decrease in the heart rate and thereby controls the blood pressure. They control the volume of blood in the vessels by changing the diameter of the blood vessel lumen. There are no innervations of parasympathetic nerves in most of the blood vessel and so the degree of sympathetic nerve activity determines the diameter of the blood vessel (Jenkins, 2010). The constriction of the smooth muscle occurs due to the vasoconstricting action of sympathetic nerves that increases the pressure in the blood vessels. The relaxation of smooth muscle occurs due to the decreased sympathetic nerve stimulation causing vasodilatation (Sembulingam, 2001, Antonio, 2014). Chopra in 2011 reported that the autonomic nervous system controls the local and global blood flow by causing changes in cardiac output and blo od pressure. Baroreceptors (pressure receptors): They are situated in the aortic and carotid sinuses. These are highly sensitive to changes in pressure within the blood vessel. This is the main regulatory mechanism of our body. The increased blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors which increases their impulses to the cardiovascular centre. This increases parasympathetic nerve activity to the heart that decreases heart rate, cardiac output and ultimately blood pressure. At the same time, blood pressure is decreased by inhibiting the sympathetic activity to the blood vessels causing vasodilatation. If there is decreased blood pressure, baroreceptors are inactivated and it acts vice versa (Waugh, 2015, Antonio, 2014). Chemoreceptor: These are nerve endings situated in the carotid and aortic bodies and are primarily involved in control of respiration. The chemical constituents of blood sensitize chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors are stimulated by increased PCO2 and hydrogen ions and decreased PO2 (Tate, 2012). This activates cardiovascular centre that increases sympathetic activity to the heart and blood vessels and causes vasoconstriction. This increases stroke volume, heart rate and ultimately increases BP. Conversely, in case of decreased hydrogen ions, and PCO2 and increased PO2, it acts vice versa and decreases BP. (Garrett, 2013). Chemoreceptors are activated only when there is severe respiratory disruption and blood pressure below 80mm Hg. Higher centers in the brain: The blood pressure is increased at times of emotional states such as pain, fear, and anger that stimulate the cardiovascular centre by increasing vasomotor tone. Vasodilatation is caused by stimulation of anterior hypothalamus that decreases blood pressure while vasoconstriction is caused by stimulation of posterior hypothalamus that increases blood pressure. Long term blood pressure regulation: It is exerted by kidneys. They regulate blood pressure in two ways as (a). Regulation of extracellular fluid volume: when the blood volume is increased, there is an increase in the extracellular fluid volume that increases blood pressure. At the time of increased pressure, more amounts of fluid and sodium are excreted that decreases blood pressure by reducing extracellular fluid volume (Sembulingam, 2001). (b). Renin- angiotension mechanism: When there is decreased blood pressure, renin is secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus which acts on angiotensinogen and converts it into angiotension I. By the action of converting enzyme secreted from lungs angiotension I is converted into angiotension II (Waugh, 2015). Angiotension II causes vasoconstriction that increases peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Angiotension II also stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which increases sodium resorption from renal tubules thereby increasing blood pressure (Tate, 2012). Hormonal regulation: Many hormones have an effect on blood pressure. Secretion of few hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, vasopressin,aldosterone, angiotension, thyroxine, and serotonin increases blood pressure whereas bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine, acetylcholine, atrial natriuretic peptide decreases blood pressure (Sembulingam, 2001). Local regulation: The local vasoconstrictor substances originate from the endothelium known as endothelin. These substances activate phospholipase which again activates prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 causing stretching of the blood vessels. This causes vasoconstriction that increases blood pressure. The blood pressure is decreased by some local vasodilators that are metabolic and endothelial origin. 4. Effects of exercise on blood pressure and its regulation Exercise increases metabolic needs of the cells, tissues and muscles and is of two types as dynamic and static exercise (Douglas, 2012). When the exercise involves the isotonic muscular contraction with external work, it is termed as dynamic exercise. In this type, the heart rate, contractile force of heart, cardiac output and systolic blood pressure increases. As the peripheral resistance remains unaltered or decreased in dynamic exercise, the diastolic blood pressure remains unaltered or reduced as supported by a study conducted by Kelley in 2000. When the exercise involves isometric muscular contraction without external work, it is called as static exercise. In this, the heart rate, contractile force of heart, cardiac output and systolic blood pressure increases and even diastolic blood pressure increases due to increase in peripheral resistance. Blood pressure varies based on the severity of exercise. In severe exercise, blood pressure increases whereas there is no change in blood pressure during moderate and mild exercise. The blood pressure depends on the cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (R). It is expressed as BP= CO X R. (Smelter, 2002). Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped from each ventricle (Marieb, 2012). During exercise, cardiac output increases which in turn increases blood pressure. During exercise the heart rate increases. Even the thought of exercise or preparation for it increases heart rate. The heart rate is increased to 180 beats /min in case of moderate exercise and reaches 240-260 beats/min in severe exercise. It thereby increases the stroke volume and blood pressure. Stroke volume is defined as the amount of blood pumped from each ventricle during each contraction. The normal stroke volume ranges from 60 to 80 ml (Marieb, 2012). The exercise increases venous return that increases ventricular filling, cardiac output. This ultimately increases systolic and diastolic pressure and thereby pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure increases. This is evident from the given study that exercise has increased the systolic pressure to 22 mmHg, diastolic pressure to 16 mmHg, pulse pressure to 17 mmHg and mean arterial pressure to 10 mmHg. It was found that exercise has increased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in females whereas it has increased only the systolic pressure apparently but decreased the diastolic pressure in most of the males. It was noted that few subjects have no change in their blood pressure after exercise. It was evident from table 1 that exercise has increased pulse pressure apparently except in few males. During exercise, large amount of metabolic end products are produced (Douglas, 2012). The accumulation of these products occurs mostly in skeletal muscles that causes vasodilatation. Therefore the blood pressure slightly decreases after the exercise. But the BP returns to normal quickly. Hypoxia may occur at the time of strenuous exercise. This stimulates chemoreceptors that activates cardiovascular centre which in turn increases sympathetic activity to the heart and blood vessels. This increases stroke volume, heart rate and vasoconstriction and ultimately increases blood pressure (Sembulingam, 2001). During exercise more heat is produced and the thermo regulatory system secretes sweat for heat control. This may lead to fluid loss and reduced blood volume that decreases blood pressure. Reference Antonio, C. L. (2014). Neural Regulation of Cardiovascular Response to Exercise: Role of Central Command and Peripheral Afferents: BioMed Research International Journal. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/478965. Chopra, S. (2011). Neuro-endocrine regulation of blood pressure: Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 (Supp l4): S281S288. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.86860. Douglas, C. (2012). Potter and Perrys Fundamentals of Nursing- Australian version. (4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. Garrett, L.K. (2013). Get Ready for Anatomy and physiology. (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. Jenkins, G.M. Tortora, Genard.J. (2012). Anatomy and physiology: from science to life (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Jenkins, G.M. Kemnitz, C.P., Tortora, Genard.J. (2010). Anatomy and physiology: from science to life. (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S. (2000). Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 35, 838-843. Retrieved from https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/restingbp.html Lewis, S.M., Heitkempfer, M.M., Dirksen, S.R. (2004). Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. (6th ed.). Missouri: Mosby. Marieb, E. (2012). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. (10th ed.). San Francisco, Calif: Benjamin Cummings. Potter Perry, (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing. (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Sembulingam, K. (2001). Essential of medical physiology. (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers. Smelter, S.C. (2002). Brunners and Suddarths Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Tate, P. (2012). Seeleys principles of anatomy and physiology. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. VanPutte, C., Regan, J. Russo, A. (2012). Seeleys Essentials of anatomy and physiology. (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Waugh, A. (2015). Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and illness. (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.